Some Processing Energies

Here are some typical processing energies for materials.

Material	Process	Energy to Process (MJ/kg)
Aluminum & Alloys	Casting	2.4-2.9
Aluminum & Alloys	Deformation	2.4-2.9
Aluminum & Alloys	Recycling	18-21
Magnesium & Alloys	Casting	2.1-2.6
Magnesium & Alloys	Deformation	3.8-4.6
Magnesium & Alloys	Recycling	8.4-9.3
Titanium & Alloys	Casting	5.0-5.8
Titanium & Alloys	Forging/Rolling	4.7-5.7
Titanium & Alloys	Recyling	228-281
Copper & Alloys	Casting	2.5-2.8
Copper & Alloys	Deformation	1.8-2.2
Copper & Alloys	Casting	17-18.5
Lead & Alloys	Casting	0.4-0.5
Lead & Alloys	Deformation	1.6-2.7
Lead & Alloys	Recycling	8.4-9.2
Zinc Die-Casting Alloys	Casting	1.1-1.3
Zinc Die-Casting Alloys	Casting	12.6-13.5
Nickel-Chromium Alloys	Casting	3.7-4.1
Nickel-Chromium Alloys	Forging/Rolling	2.5-2.8
Nickel-Chromium Alloys	Recycling	2.0-2.2
Low Carbon Steel	Casting	4.2-4.6
Low Carbon Steel	Deformation	2.2-2.6
Low Carbon Steel	Recycling	8.1-9.8
Low Alloy Steel	Casting	3.8-4.6
Low Alloy Steel	Deformation	3.2-3.9
Low Alloy Steel	Recycling	9-11
Stainless Steel	Casting	3.9-4.4
Stainless Steel	Deformation	3.0-3.7
Stainless Steel	Recycling	22-24
Cast Iron	Casting	3.2-3.7
Cast Iron	Deformation	2.5-3.1
Cast Iron	Recycling	4.9-5.5
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)	Molding	10-12
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)	Extrusion	3.2-4.6
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)	Recycling	38-43
Nylon (Polyamides, PA)	Molding	9.2-10
Nylon (Polyamides, PA)	Extrusion	3.6-3.9
Nylon (Polyamides, PA)	Recycling	51-57
Polypropylene (PP)	Molding	8.2-9
Polypropylene (PP)	Extrusion	3.2-3.5
Polypropylene (PP)	Recycling	36-44
Polyethylene (PE)	Molding	6.1-6.8
Polyethylene (PE)	Extrusion	2.4-2.7
Polyethylene (PE)	Recycling	32-36
Polycarbonate (PC)	Molding	10.2-11.2
Polycarbonate (PC)	Extrusion	4.4-5.0
Polycarbonate (PC)	Recycling	44-49
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)	Molding	9.4-10.3
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)	Extrusion	3.6-4.0
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)	Recycling	33-37
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)	Molding	9.6-10.6
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)	Extrusion	3.4-3.8
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)	Recycling	29-40
Polystyrene (PS)	Molding	10.3-11.3
Polystyrene (PS)	Extrusion	4.0-4.4
Polystyrene (PS)	Recycling	36-42
Polylactide (PLA)	Molding	8.6 - 9.5
Polylactide (PLA)	Extrusion	3.3 - 3.7
Polylactide (PLA)	Recycling	22 - 23
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB)	Molding	8.2-9.1
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB)	Extrusion	3.2-3.5
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB)	Recycling	21-25
Epoxies	Molding	10-3-12.5
Polyester (thermoset)	Molding	11.4-12.8
Phenolics	Molding	11.7-13.9
Natural Rubber (NR)	Molding	7.1-8.1
Butyl Rubber	Molding	7.2-8.1
Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)	Molding	7.4-8.8
Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)	Recycling	36.4-40.2
Alumina	Sintering/Powder	25.3-27.8
Soda-Lime Glass	Molding	7.8-9.5
Soda-Lime Glass	Recycling	22-26
Borosilicate Glass	Molding	7.4-9.0
Borosilicate Glass	Recycling	10.5-11.6
Carbon fiber composites	Standard Molding	11.3-12.4
Carbon fiber composites	Advanced Molding	18.4-20.3
Glass fiber composites	Standard Molding	11.3-12.4
Glass fiber composites	Advanced Molding	18.4-20.3
Flexible Foam	Molding	6.9-8.4
Flexible Foam	Extrusion	2.7-3.3